The author describes the rise of a fragmented second generation of Arab political leaders in Israel reflected in the proliferation of explicitly Arab political parties (nationalist and Islamist) and Arab NGOs (secular and religious). The author acknowledges Israel???s active efforts to weaken the new leaders, but asserts that fragmentation has also resulted from continuing traditional structures, including the extended family, a culture of notables manifested in the personalization of institutions, and patriarchy, particularly the political exclusion of women.