The transition of Negev Bedouin from a traditional diet to a diet consisting primarily of market and store-bought foods contains both potential risks and benefits, and should be studied further to better understand the health outcomes of these dietary changes. The standard dietary assessment methods used today originate primarily from applications in developed societies with Western-style diets, eating patterns, and lifestyles. To be valid and effective, these tools must be redesigned in the light of the particular eating patterns, and the food-related culture and lifestyle of the Bedouin. A similar process is needed to develop effective prevention and health promotion interventions.